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This is a natural and fundamental process in which a liquid is flown through a semi permeable membrane, which blocks the transfusion of salts/solutes through this membrane.

Reverse Osmosis :

“Reverse Osmosis (R.O.) is the most economical method of removing 95% to 99% of all contaminants. The pore structure of R.O. Membranes is much tighter than that of UF membranes. RO membranes are capable of rejecting practically all particles, bacteria and organics >200 Dalton molecular weight (including pyrogens) at a rate close to 99%. Natural osmosis occurs when solutions with two different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane. Osmotic pressure drives water through the membrane; the water dilutes the more concentrated solution, and the end result is equilibrium.

In water purification systems, hydraulic pressure is applied to the concentrated solution to counteract the osmotic pressure. Pure water is driven from the concentrated solution at a flow rate proportional to applied pressure and colleted downstream of the membrane.

RO also involves an ionic exclusion process. Only solvent (i.e. water molecules) is allowed to pass through the semi-permeable RO membrane, while virtually all ions and dissolved molecules are retained (including salts and organic molecules such as sugars). The semi-permeable membrane rejects salts (ions) by a charge phenomenon action: the greater the charge, the greater the rejection. Therefore, the membrane rejects nearly all (>99%) strongly ionized polyvalent ions but only 95% of the weakly ionized monovalent ions like sodium. Salt rejection increases significantly with applied pressure up to 5 bar..

Water softener is an appliance that uses sodium chloride, also known as salt, to treat hard water. Hard water contains an excess of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron that can be an expensive nuisance for your home. These minerals are taken up in the underground water supply and, as the water is heated in your home, they crystallize and stubbornly stick to household surfaces. Sodium chloride, the effective component of water softener, works to replace these unwanted minerals.

A strongly acidic cation exchanger in sodium form is used in softener to exchange sodium ions for the hardness forming calcium and magnesium, thus producing soft water. At the end of each service cycle, the ion exchanger is regenerated with sodium chloride solution, after which the Softener is ready for the next service cycle.

For introducing the brine into the softener, a hydraulic ejector with control valve, suction and delivery piping are provided. A combined salt tank which can hold sufficient quantity of salt for a number of regeneration is provided along with the softener

About DM Plant :

The process used for removal of all dissolved salts from water is referred to asdeionization. Deionization requires the flow of water through two ion exchange materials in order to effect the removal of all salt content.

Deionization

The terms demineralization and deionization are used somewhat interchangeably by the industry. While the term demineralization is generally better understood, deionization is especially apt.

How are salts Removed from Water?

Ions are removed from water through a series of chemical reactions.These reactions take place as the water passes through ion exchangeresin beds. In the regenerated form, cation resin contains hydrogen (H+) ions on its surface which are exchanged for positively charged ions. Anion resin contains hydroxide (OH-) ions on its surface which are exchanged for negatively charged ions. The final product of these two exchanges, H+ and OH-, form water molecules.

In Ozonation, ozone is produced by a generator and pumped through the water to be treated, it oxidizes contaminants and is effective in removing bacteria and microorganisms. Ozone units may also remove other contaminants like organic pesticides. Additional filtration is needed to remove parasites and particulate matter. It offers some residual protection against re-contamination, but this effect is short-lived. This technology is easy to install and maintain.

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through piping. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits into the downstream piping. Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through smaller heads.

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through piping. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits into the downstream piping. Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through smaller heads.

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through piping. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits into the downstream piping. Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through smaller heads.

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through piping. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits into the downstream piping. Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through smaller heads.